What is a pilonidal cyst?

A pilonidal cyst is an abnormal saclike structure in the skin. It usually happens in the crease between the buttocks, near the tailbone. It often contains hair and small pieces of skin. It can get infected and cause an abscess, which is a pocket of infected fluid (pus) with a thick wall around it.

How does it occur?

These cysts seem to be caused most often by an ingrown hair. A hair grows back under the skin or skin grows closed over a hair. This might happen, for example, because of pressure or friction, like when you have been sitting or riding a bicycle for a long time. The ingrown hair irritates the skin and causes a cyst to form around the hair.

You may be more likely to have a pilonidal cyst if you were born with a little dimple in the skin between the buttocks. For reasons that are not well understood, the dimple can tend to get infected.

What are the symptoms?

• pain when you are sitting (sometimes it can be very painful)

• redness and swelling in the area of your tailbone and just above the crease between your buttocks

• pus oozing from the swollen area

• tenderness when the swollen area is touched

• sometimes fever, weakness, or nausea

The size of the pilonidal cyst may range from a small tender dimple to a large painful area.

How is it diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider will ask about your symptoms and examine you.

How is it treated?

If the cyst is infected, usually it needs to be drained by your healthcare provider. This treats the infection and gets rid of the pressure that causes pain. It can be done in your provider's office. Even if the cyst is not infected, opening it and draining it is recommended to relieve pain and prevent infection.

The process for draining a pilonidal abscess is:

• The area of infection is numbed with a local anesthetic.

• Your provider uses a sharp knife to make a small cut into the abscess so that the pus in the abscess can drain out of it and hair and other debris can be removed.

• Your provider fills the abscess with sterile gauze.

A problem called a chronic pilonidal sinus can happen after an abscess has been drained. A pilonidal sinus is a space under the skin that forms where the abscess used to be. The problem with the sinus is that it can lead to repeated infections. The sinus connects to the skin with one or more small openings. In some cases the sinus may heal and close by itself, but usually the sinus has to be cut out. The sinus area may be stitched shut after the sinus is removed or it may be left open to drain and heal from the inside out. Your provider will discuss your choices for treatment.

How long will the effects last?

The wound will need 1 to 2 months to heal. In some cases it may take up to 6 months to heal.

A problem called complex or recurrent pilonidal disease is a complication of a pilonidal cyst. It may happen if:

• The area of the first abscess keeps getting infected again.

• You have hair growing in the area of the scar.

• The area gets sweaty and rubbed a lot.

• You have a sinus that was not seen in earlier treatments.

In this case your healthcare provider must cut away the old wound, scar, and other inflamed tissue. This is a more extensive surgery than simple drainage of an abscess or removal of a sinus.

How can I help take care of myself?

Before you see your healthcare provider for treatment, it can help to:

• Soak in a tub of warm water to lessen pain. Sometimes the cyst may open on its own.

• Keep the area clean and dry.

• Take nonprescription pain medicine to relieve pain.

After incision and drainage of the cyst:

• Make sure that you follow all of your healthcare provider's instructions.

• Keep the area clean.

• Shave the area or use a hair removal cream every 2 to 3 weeks.

• Check the area for signs of infection, such as redness, pus, or pain.

• Keep all follow-up appointments with your provider for dressing changes and checks of the wound.

How can I help prevent a pilonidal cyst?

• Keep the area dry and clean.

• Keep hair out of the area between the buttocks and tailbone by shaving or using a hair removal cream.

For more information contact the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons at 847-290-9184 or visit their Web site at http://www.fascrs.org

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Published by RelayHealth.
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